WS.02.B.205111

## **SPECIFICATION** 

Part No. : **WS.02.B.205111** Product Name : 4dBi 2.4GHz Omni-Directional 

Heavy Duty Screw Mount Antenna 

Features 

: Wi-Fi/ISM Bands/ZigBee/WLAN/ Bluetooth 

UV and Vandal Resistant ABS Housing 

Cable length and connector customizable 

IP67 & IP69K Waterproof Rating 

2M CFD-200 SMA(M) – Standard 

## **RoHS Compliant** 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 1 of 21 

## **1 Introduction** 

WS.02 Hercules is a high efficiency, high gain thread mount 2.4GHz wireless antenna for external use on vehicles and outdoor assets worldwide. Omni-directional gain across the frequency bands ensures constant reception and transmission making the WS.02 an ideal solution for a Zigbee Wireless Mesh for remote applications e.g. – remote metering. 

It has been designed for heavy duty work with extra thick threads; with durable UV-resistant PC housing, it is resistant to vandalism and direct attack. At only 29 mm high it complies with the latest EU height restrictions directives for roof-mounted objects, whilst also enabling covert operation with a diameter of 49mm. 

Many module manufacturers specify peak gain limits for any antennas that are to be connected to that module. Those peak gain limits are based on free-space conditions. In practice, the peak gain of an antenna tested in free-space can degrade by at least 1 or 2dBi when put inside a device. So ideally you should go for a slightly higher peak gain antenna than mentioned on the module specification to compensate for this effect, giving you better performance. 

Upon testing of any of our antennas with your device and a selection of appropriate layout, integration technique, or cable, Taoglas can make sure any of our antennas’ peak gain will be below the peak gain limits. Taoglas can then issue a specification and/or report for the selected antenna in your device that will clearly show it complying with the peak gain limits, so you can be assured you are meeting regulatory requirements for that module. 

For example, a module manufacturer may state that the antenna must have less than 2dBi peak gain, but you don’t need to select an embedded antenna that has a peak gain of less than 2dBi in free-space. This will give you a less optimized solution. It is better to go for a slightly higher free-space peak gain of 3dBi or more if available. Once that antenna gets integrated into your device, performance will degrade below this 2dBi peak gain due to the effects of GND plane, surrounding components, and device housing. If you want to be absolutely sure, contact Taoglas and we will test. Choosing a Taoglas antenna with a higher peak gain than what is specified by 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 2 of 21 

the module manufacturer and enlisting our help will ensure you are getting the best performance possible without exceeding the peak gain limits. 

The antenna housing is completely waterproof to IP67, and also to IP69K, which means it is waterproof against high pressure water jets used in industrial environments for cleaning. Low loss industrial coax cable is used to achieve high gain and efficiency over long cable length. 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 3 of 21 

## **2 Specification** 

|ELECTRICAL<br>~~Lo~~<br>~~es es~~|ELECTRICAL<br>~~Lo~~<br>~~es es~~|ELECTRICAL<br>~~Lo~~<br>~~es es~~|ELECTRICAL<br>~~Lo~~<br>~~es es~~|
|---|---|---|---|
|Frequency (GHz)<br>~~ee~~|2.4<br>~~ee~~<br>~~es es~~|2.45<br>~~ee~~<br>~~es~~|2.5<br>~~ee~~|
|VSWR|1.38<br>~~es es~~<br>~~ee~~|1.80<br>~~es~~<br>~~ee~~|1.89|
|Return Loss(dB)<br>~~ee~~|-15.86<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|-10.87<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|-10.23<br>~~ee~~|
|Peak Gain(dB)|4.42<br>~~ee~~|4.16<br>~~ee~~|4.75|
|AvgGain(dB)<br>~~|~~|-2.48<br>~~|~~|-2.69<br>~~|~~|-1.98<br>~~|~~|
|Efficiency (%)|56.5|53.9|63.4|
|Impedance|50Ω|||
|Polarization<br>~~|~~|Linear<br>~~|~~|||
|Radiation Pattern|Omni|||
|Cable/Connectors<br>~~a~~|2M CFD-200 SMA(M)<br>~~a~~|||
|Recommended Mounting<br>Torque|24.5N·m|||
|Maximum MountingTorque<br>~~ee~~|29.4N·m<br>~~ee~~|||
|MECHANICAL<br>~~CT~~||||
|Dimensions<br>~~CT~~<br>~~ee~~|Height 28.5mm x Diameter 47.8mm<br>~~CT~~<br>~~ee~~|||
|Casing|UV resistant PC|||
|Base and thread<br>~~|~~|Nickelplated Steel/Zinc<br>~~|~~|||
|Thread diameter|18mm<br>~~aaa~~|||
|Weatherproofgasket<br>~~i~~|CR4305 foam with 3M9448B double-side adhesive<br>~~i~~<br>~~aaa~~|||
|Antenna Weight<br>~~eee~~|0.13kg<br>~~aaa~~<br>~~eee~~|||



* Value above is for standard 2 meter CFD 200 cable tested in free space. The WS.02.B.205111 antenna performance was measured with CFD 200 coaxial cable at 300 mm, 1 meter, 2 meter, 3 meter and 5 meter length with and without a 30x30 cm ground plane. 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 4 of 21 

## **3 Antenna Characteristics** 

## **3.1 Test set-up** 

_**Figure 1.** Return loss measurements._ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 5 of 21 

**==> picture [408 x 126] intentionally omitted <==**

**----- Start of picture text -----**<br>
Y<br>Y<br>Z<br>Z  X<br>X  “uy Pal 12)|<br>**----- End of picture text -----**<br>


_**Figure 2.** Peak gain, efficiency and radiation pattern measurements_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 6 of 21 

## **3.2 Return Loss (in Free Space)** 

_**Figure 3.** Return Loss of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable in free space_ 

## **3.3 Return Loss (on 30 x 30 cm Ground Plane)** 

_**Figure 4.** Return Loss of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable on 30 x 30cm ground plane_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 7 of 21 

## **3.4 VSWR (in Free Space)** 

_**Figure 5.** VSWR of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable in free space_ 

## **3.5 VSWR (on 30 x 30cm Ground Plane)** 

_**Figure 6.** VSWR of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable on 30 x 30cm ground plane_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 8 of 21 

## **3.6 Efficiency (in Free Space)** 

_**Figure 7.** Efficiency of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable in free space_ 

## **3.7 Efficiency (on 30 x 30 cm Ground Plane)** 

_**Figure 8.** Efficiency of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable on 30 x 30 cm ground plane_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 9 of 21 

## **3.8 Peak Gain (in Free Space)** 

_**Figure 9.** Peak Gain of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable in free space_ 

## **3.9 Peak Gain (on 30 x 30 cm Ground Plane)** 

_**Figure 10.** Peak Gain of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable on 30 x 30 cm ground plane_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 10 of 21 

## **3.10 Average Gain (in Free Space)** 

_**Figure 11.** Average Gain of the Hercules WS.02 antenna with different length CFD200 cable in free space_ 

## **3.11 Average Gain (on 30 x 30 cm Ground Plane)** 

_**Figure 12.** Average Gain of the Hercules WS.02 with different length CFD200 cable on 30 x 30 cm ground plane_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 11 of 21 

## **3.12 Results Table (Free Space)** 

|FREQUENCY [MHz]<br>~~|~~<br>~~|~~<br>~~rr~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||300 MM<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|1 METER<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|2 METER<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|3 METER<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|5 METER<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2200<br>~~|~~<br>~~| ~~<br>~~rr~~|58.4<br>~~ee~~<br> ~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|55.5<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|45.9<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|55.6<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|32.4<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2225<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|55.3<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|56.9<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|54.4<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|46.9<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|32.1<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2250<br>~~rr~~|55.1<br>~~ee~~|54.5<br>~~ee~~|54.4<br>~~eee~~|50.8<br>~~eee~~|34.2<br>~~eee~~|
|2275<br>~~rr~~|57.1<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|53.0<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|61.6<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|51.8<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|35.6<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2300<br>~~rE~~|57.1<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|59.0<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|48.4<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|51.4<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|35.0<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2325<br>~~rr~~|59.7<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|58.8<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|57.9<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|52.0<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|35.8<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2350<br>~~rr~~|61.1<br>~~ee~~|56.0<br>~~ee~~|56.3<br>~~eee~~|53.1<br>~~eee~~|35.6<br>~~eee~~|
|2375<br>~~rr~~|65.5<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|57.4<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|59.4<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|55.4<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|35.3<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2400<br>~~rE~~|62.9<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|60.0<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|56.5<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|53.<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|33.4<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2425|64.2<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|59.6<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|54.7<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|53.4<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|31.7<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2442<br>~~EE~~|68.0<br>~~EE~~<br>~~ee~~|63.8<br>~~EE~~<br>~~ee~~|54.6<br>~~EE~~<br>~~eee~~|51.7<br>~~EE~~<br>~~eee~~|35.8<br>~~EE~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2450<br>~~rr~~|69.5<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|65.4<br>~~ee~~<br>~~eee~~|53.9<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|52.7<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|34.1<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2475<br>~~rr~~|76.8<br>~~ee~~|69.3<br>~~eee~~|55.7<br>~~eee~~|54.4<br>~~eee~~|34.0<br>~~eee~~|
|2484<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|83.3<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|69.7<br>~~eee~~<br>~~ee~~|57.7<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|53.1<br> ~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|36.7<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2500<br>~~rr~~|79.0<br>~~ee~~|66.4<br>~~ee~~|63.4<br>~~eee~~|58.2<br>~~eee~~|31.3<br>~~eee~~|
|2515<br>~~rr~~<br>~~EE~~|78.8<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|69.6<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|56.1<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|50.7<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|38.2<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2535<br>~~EE~~|70.4<br>~~ee~~|73.8<br>~~ee~~|58.4<br>~~eee~~|57.3<br>~~eee~~|38.1<br>~~eee~~|
|2555<br>~~EE~~|64.7<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|66.1<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|57.7<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|42.1<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|33.6<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2570<br>~~EE~~|65.8<br>~~EE~~<br>~~ee~~|61.2<br>~~EE~~<br>~~ee~~|53.7<br>~~EE~~<br>~~eee~~|50.3<br>~~EE~~<br>~~eee~~|27.7<br>~~EE~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2595<br>~~rr~~|73.2<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|59.3<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~eee~~|52.6<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|41.1<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|28.3<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2600<br>~~rr~~|72.5<br>~~ee~~|60.2<br>~~eee~~|57.6<br>~~eee~~|43.8<br>~~eee~~|30.8<br>~~eee~~|
|2650<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|69.1<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|53.5<br>~~eee~~<br>~~ee~~|42.7<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|40.4<br> ~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|30.4<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2700<br>~~rr~~|57.9<br>~~ee~~|52.1<br>~~ee~~|32.4<br>~~eee~~|37.2<br>~~eee~~|27.2<br>~~eee~~|



SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 12 of 21 

## **3.13 Results Table (on 30 x 30 cm Ground Plane)** 

|FREQUENCY [MHz]<br>~~|~~<br>~~|~~<br>~~rr~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|EFFICIENCY[%]<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||300 mm<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|1 meter<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|2 meter<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|3 meter<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|5 meter<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2200<br>~~|~~<br>~~| ~~<br>~~rr~~|81.2<br>~~ee~~<br> ~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|74.3<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|66.2<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~ee~~|59.2<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|42.7<br>~~ee~~<br>~~—~—__—__—__—_~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2225<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|76.1<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|72.8<br> ~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|66.4<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~eee~~|51.7<br> ~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|40.6<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2250<br>~~rr~~|75.7<br>~~ee~~|71.0<br>~~ee~~|70.1<br>~~eee~~|57.6<br>~~eee~~|41.7<br>~~eee~~|
|2275<br>~~rr~~|76.2<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|68.2<br> ~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|70.0<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|56.0<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|41.6<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2300<br>~~rE~~|76.8<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|73.7<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|69.5<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|54.3<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|40.5<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2325<br>~~rr~~|78.8<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|75.5<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|68.8<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|55.2<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|41.3<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2350<br>~~rr~~|79.6<br>~~ee~~|73.3<br>~~ee~~|69.5<br>~~eee~~|51.8<br>~~eee~~|41.2<br>~~eee~~|
|2375<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|82.2<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|74.7<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|70.4<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|53.1<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|42.9<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2400<br>~~rr~~|81.1<br>~~ee~~|75.1<br>~~ee~~|71.7<br>~~eee~~|53.5<br>~~eee~~|41.6<br>~~eee~~|
|2425<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|80.8<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|73.6<br> ~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|70.5<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|52.3<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|39.8<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2442<br>~~rr~~|83.2<br>~~ee~~|75.6<br>~~ee~~|69.8<br>~~eee~~|51.0<br>~~eee~~|43.0<br>~~eee~~|
|2450<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|83.8<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|76.3<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|68.4<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|53.8<br> ~~eee ~~<br>~~eee~~|42.3<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2475<br>~~rr~~|87.3<br>~~ee~~|78.3<br>~~ee~~|67.6<br>~~eee~~|53.4<br>~~eee~~|41.6<br>~~eee~~|
|2484<br>~~rr~~|88.0<br>~~ee~~<br>~~eee~~|79.5<br>~~ee~~<br>~~eee~~|67.1<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|57.6<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|44.0<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2500<br>~~re~~|84.5<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee~~|80.7<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee~~|67.0<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee~~|56.8<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee~~|38.1<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2515<br>~~re~~<br>~~a~~|85.0<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee~~<br>~~es~~|81.6<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee ~~<br>~~ee~~|67.4<br>~~re~~<br> ~~eee~~<br>~~es~~|55.9<br>~~re~~<br>~~eee ~~|44.0<br>~~re~~<br> ~~eee~~|
|2535<br>~~a~~|79.9<br>~~es~~|77.6<br>~~ee~~|67.5<br>~~es~~|62.7|42.6|
|2555<br>~~a~~<br>~~rr~~|77.5<br>~~es ~~<br>~~ee~~|68.1<br> ~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|67.1<br> ~~es~~<br>~~eee~~|52.6<br>~~eee~~|37.7<br>~~eee~~|
|2570<br>~~rr~~|78.0<br>~~ee~~|68.2<br>~~ee~~|67.5<br>~~eee~~|57.2<br>~~eee~~|31.4<br>~~eee~~|
|2595<br>~~rr~~<br>~~rr~~|84.5<br>~~ee ~~<br>~~ee~~|75.5<br> ~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|68.9<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|50.3<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|34.0<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2600<br>~~rr~~|83.2<br>~~ee~~|75.4<br>~~ee~~|68.0<br>~~eee~~|51.3<br>~~eee~~|36.6<br>~~eee~~|
|2650<br>~~rr~~|76.1<br>~~ee~~<br>~~ee~~|64.8<br>~~ee~~<br>~~eee~~|67.3<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|43.3<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|36.9<br>~~eee~~<br>~~eee~~|
|2700<br>~~rE~~|68.5<br>~~rE~~<br>~~ee~~|66.1<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|65.8<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|41.2<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|31.4<br>~~rE~~<br>~~eee~~|



SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 13 of 21 

**3.14 3D Radiation Patterns (2 meter Standard cable, Free Space)** 

_**Figure 13.** 3D Radiation Pattern at 2450 MHz of the WS.02 Antenna with standard 2 meter cable_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 14 of 21 

## **3.15 2D Radiation Patterns (2 meter Standard cable, Free Space) XY Plane** 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 15 of 21 

## **XZ Plane** 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 16 of 21 

## **YZ Plane** 

_**Figure 14.** 2D Radiation Pattern of the WS.02 Antenna with standard 2 meter cable_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 17 of 21 

## **4 Technical Drawing** 

_**Figure 15.** Technical Drawing_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 18 of 21 

## **5 Installation** 

_**Figure 16.** Installation_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 19 of 21 

## **6 Packaging** 

1pc per PE Bag (Weight 0.13Kg) 40 PE Bags per Carton 

_**Figure 17.** Packaging_ 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 20 of 21 

Taoglas makes no warranties based on the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. Taoglas reserves all rights to this document and the information contained herein. 

Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express permission is strictly prohibited. 

Copyright © Taoglas Ltd. 

SPE-14-8-055/C/YL      Page 21 of 21